The Kingdom of God in Post-Pandemic Days: A Reflection

Christ the King will reign forever

Jesus says that the Kingdom of God is among us. So that means God reigns in this world, right? Months ago, as I observed the world that was picking itself up from an abrupt halt, I came to ask—How come God reigns in this kind of world we are in? I was trying to find a plausible explanation given how the world has turned out this year.

What the outside world has become at the relative end of Covid-19

The world has successfully transitioned to “post-pandemic” stage, or close to it. It’s nice that we are doing pre-pandemic things again like dining out, sightseeing and other pleasurable activities. Does that mean Church attendance, religiosity and piousness have also increased, you know, as a way of thanksgiving to God for re-emerging alive from Covid-19? No, the world did not repent and convert in response to the call of God through this chastisement.

The world, by and large, is still secular and materialistic. Although there are one billion of us Catholics, many of us remain lukewarm. Unbelievers failed to see God during the pandemic. Now that the pandemic is ‘over,’ all they talk about is how to get back at it bigtime, coaxing people to jump in the current trend of “revenge travel” (the word revenge itself is unholy), which is going on vacations as retaliation for the ‘pain’ of postponed travel plans during the past two years.

But what we do not hear from the world is persuasion to people that ‘God probably exists;’ that given all we have gone through, Jesus Christ is indeed the Savior; that the least we could do to make up for everything is by joining or returning to the Catholic Church.

Wild parties and the LGBTQ…RSTUVWXYZ movement is back in full force with their gay pride parades. If there was one ‘positive’ thing the lockdown caused, I thought it was the ‘end’ of all those gay pride parades. I remember that months before the pandemic, I distinctively noticed the massive rise of gay pride parades, which often contain Christian desecrations and sacrileges, including sodomites ‘nailed’ to crosses and dressed as Jesus Christ, kissing each other.

There is no need to go outside our homes to see evil. Just check the news and get shocked. As a person who always reads the news of all sorts daily, I can’t help but notice the spike in the number and severity of crimes this year; they have become far more brutal and bizarre—from parents who torture and starve their own children to death, random subway attacks and sexual assaults in New York City to rampant fatal shootings across the United States.

In social media, things are no better. Twitter users who get into heated arguments about their worldly causes or celebrities they adore (borderline idolatry) have become more cunning in slandering each other. TikTok has also gained massive popularity during the pandemic. While there definitely are fun content, all sorts of sexual perversions and deviations such as “polyamorous relationships” are peddled to viewers of all ages in just a swipe. What could be more effective—and addictive—in promoting immoralities than TikTok’s style and format of storytelling in seconds? Gone are the days when people needed to look presentable and put together sensible, noteworthy content in order to capture people’s attention. These days, anybody can record anywhere about anything, even about promiscuity or iniquity, and enjoy viral popularity for it. And for sure, you have heard about how women and even real-life couples have found themselves instant wealth by posting obscene content and pornography in OnlyFans, which contributes to removing the shame of making and using pornography. After the pandemic, I notice how more celebrities and civilians are now proud of telling the public and posting on social media the type of porn they are into. And what’s this thing with pronouns in profiles—He/Him, She/Her. They/Them—flaunted by both celebrities and commoners in support of LGBTQ+ agenda? They/Them sounds awkward when referring to one person! Do they think that flaunting their ‘preference’ would make them look cool as if it’s a doctorate degree when it’s annoying!

To me, it is all hell broke loose out there; it’s the kingdom of Satan out there.  And I’m sure there are faithful Catholics who feel me.

And yet, we read what Jesus says that the Kingdom of God is in our midst. I wondered, if this was the case, how come those suffering, the poor in spirit, the wronged, the sick (and the unbaptized righteous who have never learned about Christ) seem to be on the verge of losing to the clutches of Satan and his human instruments in this desolate land? People are able to commit more atrocities—despite the Kingdom of God being among us.

My Reflection

Understanding the Kingdom of God

But nothing could be further from the truth. I realized that these conflicting feelings I had were just a temptation as I recalled how I found my peace in a psalm that came to me providentially one day several years ago. It has been among my favorite psalms since, and it has helped me before when I was reflecting about a similar situation. It is Psalm 73 (posted on this Website). I think this particular psalm alludes to the way a faithful Catholic struggles with how the world has become in these post-pandemic days.

In Psalm 73, the psalmist feels much envy toward the wicked people because they are carefree and healthy. They continue to prosper, while he, who has remained pure in heart, is afflicted every day.

There is a saying that goes, “If you can’t beat them, join them.” Should we just do as the immoral people do so as to fit in? For the psalmist, copying all their wickedness is not an option:

“Had I thought, “I will speak as they do,” I would have betrayed this generation of your children.”

– Psalms 73:15

Like I said above, I echoed the conflicted sentiment of the psalmist:

“Though I tried to understand all this, it was too difficult for me,”

– Psalms 73:16

The psalmist nearly lost his faith until he regained confidence in God. He said in resolution, and this is the main idea of Psalm 73:

“Till I entered the sanctuary of God and came to understand their end.”

– Psalms 73:17

At first glance, it seems that we, too, must enter this vast place like a shrine or parish, as in go there in person. But I reflected on what this psalm was really telling us, and it’s actually speaking about the Kingdom of God. I figured that discovering this “sanctuary of God” would lead me to understand how God’s Kingdom is amidst us in this sinful world.

Finding the Kingdom of God

I suddenly recalled the Sacrament of Baptism and what it confers to a person—he becomes a sanctuary of the Lord. All baptized Christians, you and I, have become a sanctuary of the Lord at the moment of our Baptism.

St. Paul unequivocally points to the answer; that we are the sanctuary of the Lord. He says,

“Do you not know that you are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwells in you?”

– 1 Corinthians 3:16

It is through Baptism that we become “members of Christ” and the sanctuary of God’s presence in this world. The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that the sacrament of Baptism is the “basis of the whole Christian life, the gateway to life in the Spirit, and the door which gives access to the other sacraments” (1213). Baptism paves the spiritual path to receiving the Body of Christ in the Eucharist and confirming our faith in the Sacrament of Confirmation, making Jesus present in our body and soul in a new and more profound way. According to the Apostle Paul and the Apostle Peter, the baptized have “put on Christ” and become “living stones” to be “built into a spiritual house” and share in the priesthood of Christ (CCC 1227, 1268).

This is distinct, however, from the omnipresence of God.

The Church asserts that God is omnipresent in everything (Psalm 139). The world continues to exist, nature sustains us, and the bodies of all creatures remain intact because God is present everywhere. Even in Hell. Demons are continuously condemned in His presence even they do not directly perceive Him and feel completely distanced from Him. God’s power reaches every place and every being in this whole universe.

Our souls being a “sanctuary of God” is distinct from the omnipresence of God. The ‘presence’ in us as a sanctuary of the Lord is the “Interior Presence” of God. Recognizing this presence is central to the spiritual life of those consecrated in the Carmelite Order, and it was intensely meditated upon by our beloved Carmelite Saints, especially by Saint Elizabeth of the Trinity, who had constant awareness and appreciation of God’s interiorly presence in her soul during her lifetime.

“What a joyous mystery is your presence within me, in that intimate sanctuary of my soul where I can always find you, even when I do not feel your presence. Of what importance is feeling? Perhaps you are all the close when I feel you less.”

– Saint Elizabeth of the Trinity

But this Interior Presence of God is not maintained by every Catholic and Christian alive.

That is because it depends on the spiritual condition of the person. Pay attention that the Indwelling of the Holy Trinity is a conditional situation, as Jesus Himself told the apostles:

”Whoever loves me will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our dwelling with him”

– John 14:23

Take note of the word “we” that signifies that it is not only the Holy Spirit, but also the Father and the Son, therefore, the Holy Trinity, who makes an indwelling in a person’s soul.

We are very much aware that most of us baptized Christians, throughout the different stages in our lives from infancy, to childhood, to teenage years, to young adulthood and then adulthood, have failed to honor God each time we have offended Him through sin. Sometimes, our sins are grave and mortal, which make us lose God’s friendship—meaning, we are not in the state of grace anymore. Not being in the state of grace, the Holy Trinity stops to dwell. And this is so until we resolve, in our free will, not to commit the same sins again, ask for God’s forgiveness and obtain absolution in the Sacrament of Confession (which members of other denominations and sects are not able to avail).

“Whoever loves” Jesus abides by His Word. In keeping a loving relationship with God, we feel His Interior Presence as the Holy Trinity dwells in our souls. And that’s when the indwelling of the Holy Trinity gives extraordinary effects on the soul, giving it extraordinary graces to know and love God as much as He wills it.

Christ reigns in His ekklesia, the Church, which is comprised of Catholics around the world, in all nationalities, races and colors. We may find that everywhere there is spiritual chaos, but within the heart and soul of each devout Catholic is Christ’s kingdom. As long as we faithful remain in state of grace, often going to the Sacrament of Confession, regularly receiving the Eucharist, and living in righteousness, as the Church teaches us to do, God’s kingdom on earth flourishes in us. And at the anointed time, Jesus shall return and bring His Kingdom it to its fullness.

Saint Augustine perfectly sums up the idea of God’s indwelling:

”Although God is everywhere wholly present, he does not dwell in everyone. It is not possible to say to all what the Apostle says: ‘Know you not that you are the temple of God and that the Spirit of God dwells in you?’ He that is everywhere does not dwell in all, and he does not dwell equally in those in whom he does dwell.”

This confirms the idea that the divine indwelling can be also lost when a baptized person wallows in a life of sin. We should remember that along with the absolution we receive from Confession, we must renounce evil to successfully maintain our spiritual friendship with God. Furthermore, we must remember to live a life of virtue as our bodies are holy:

“The body, however, is not for immorality, but for the Lord, and the Lord is for the body; If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy that person; for the temple of God, which you are, is holy. Avoid immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the immoral person sins against his own body. Do you not know that your body is a temple of the holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God, and that you are not your own? For you have been purchased at a price. Therefore, glorify God in your body.”

– 1 Corinthians 6:13, 17-20

“I urge you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God, your spiritual worship. Do not conform yourselves to this age but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and pleasing and perfect.”

– Romans 12:1-2

Like the psalmist who knew that copying the ways of the wicked was not an option, we should try to guard with constant discernment in our minds at all times the sanctuary that God made within us so as not to be swayed by “this age” of indifference.

Worldly Kingdom

When we hear the word “king” and “kingdom,” we associate it straight away with “power and glory” and “peace and prosperity.” For a moment, I looked at the world of today’s restless and reckless generation, and my eyes expected to see Christ the King (even invisible) manifesting His glorious Kingdom on earth by letting faithful Catholics live and enjoy a life of peace and prosperity—as a ‘reward’ for being good subjects and loyal servants to Him.

But such expectation was a mere temptation of the Devil. He wanted me to doubt the power of Christ the King with what I see in the world. It is like what they say, “Expectation vs. Reality.”

And many fall into the Devil’s trap. Atheists and ‘spiritual but not religious’ people also say, “If there is a God, He will not allow evil and suffering,” and that has been their usual defense as to why they deny that God exists. Likewise, some Catholics who used to be faithful now doubt the power of God because of everything they see in the world outside and in their lives- personal problems, trials and tribulations. These people use the outside world as yardstick to measure the power of God, and they feel utter disappointment that the heavenly kingdom of Christ that is supposedly in this world for people to relish a good life is nowhere.

Since my heart was embittered and my soul deeply wounded, I was stupid and could not understand; I was like a brute beast in your presence.

– Psalms 73:21-22

If we allow ourselves to keep falling into the Devil’s trap, then we are no different from the Jews (including the Pharisees) who rejected Jesus as the Messiah because they could not fathom and accept His answer that the kingdom of God is within us. Many people of today expect God to be a king with earthly rewards just as the people during the time of Jesus expected the Messiah as someone akin to a political leader that would secure their geography and human empire in splendor against all their enemies and the Gentiles. It was shattering to them that Jesus was speaking about a priestly Kingdom no longer defined by who is Jew and who is Gentile, but now is defined by believer and unbeliever. They could not accept the will of God for all of humanity.

“Asked by the Pharisees when the Kingdom of God would come, Jesus said in reply, “The coming of the Kingdom of God cannot be observed, and no one will announce, ‘Look, here it is,’ or, ‘There it is.’ For behold, the Kingdom of God is among you.”

– Luke 17:20-25

Just a note. The Greek preposition that is translated as “among you” in the Gospel of Luke can also be translated as “within.”

Sometimes we forget that Jesus speaks in the Bible about this priestly Kingdom, who is the Church, with God dwelling within His Members (does not matter whether Jew or Gentile by blood), that is, the believers. And though we may not forget this Church teaching, there are times when, like the Jews in His day, we do not accept the will of God in how our Salvation History unfolds.

Look Within

In verse 17 of Psalm 73, we recall how the psalmist comes to the Temple of God and there he receives revelations, saying, “Till I entered the sanctuary of God and came to understand their end.” I believe this verse is telling us that to find the Kingdom of God, we must enter the sanctuary of God, that is, ourselves, and look within our very own being, our very own soul.

We now understand that we must look within us to see the Kingdom of God; He is in the sanctuary in our hearts and souls as members of His Church. And this is the holy Will; His Plan of Salvation.

How to Nourish the Sanctuary of God in our Soul

For now, we must do our best in taking care of and nourishing this Kingdom within our hearts and souls—by truly loving God. We can express our love for Him by living according to our purpose. God created man so that man can know Him, love Him, serve Him, praise and glorify Him for the rest of his human life.

However, like I have said above, because of our sins, we are always hurting God. When we are truly sorry for hurting the people we love, we admit to the specific wrong thing that we did, and ask for their forgiveness with a sincere heart. In the same way, if we truly love God, we ask for His forgiveness with a contrite heart. God wishes for our perfect contrition—that we acknowledge what sins we committed and how much we have hurt other people and Him, and at the same time, express our willingness to return to His friendship. And this friendship is not because we are friends after an ‘interest.’ Meaning, it is not because we are afraid to go to Hell or be punished in our earthly and temporal affairs—but simply because we love Him, and desire to be with Him.

Also, we must constantly examine our conscience if the people around us really do see and feel God in us. When we talk of mortal sins, we instantly think of crimes like murder and robbery. But we forget how our own faults and wrongdoings in dealing with other people, especially our family, friends and loved ones, cause them various evils. We should ask ourselves, ‘Do I treat my wife with respect?’ ‘Do I have her back when my family says bad things to her?’ ‘Do I allow my friends to disrespect her, while I say and do nothing to them?’ ‘Does she make an effort to do nice things for me but I never do to her?’ ‘Do I treat my spouse/significant other/sibling badly because I feel insecure of his/her achievements and status?’ ‘Am I being selfish to my own children?’ ‘Am I being a father to them when my kids need me emotionally?’ ‘Do I take my fatherhood/motherhood seriously?’ ‘Do I intentionally give my friends wrong advice because I’m envious about the good they have in life?’ ‘Am I being unkind to people in different situations?’

The evil world will end

The sentiment I shared at the start of this article that it seems that we are on the verge of losing to the godless and the enemies of God, Jesus experienced it similarly. From His humble birth, Herod wanted Jesus killed. He then dealt with gossips of unbelievers who mocked Him as the “the carpenter’s son” (Matthew 13:55), betrayed by Judas Iscariot, and finally, judged by Pontius Pilate and rejected and put to death by the Jews.

History has a way of repeating itself, as they say. Even after more than two thousand years, all the enemies of God out there continue to do evil. It is 2022, and in these post-pandemic days, we see that the world has gotten a variety of modern-day Herod, Judas, Pilate and unbelieving Jews. People continue to push for abortion, and atheism seems acceptable as the norm (while mentioning about or practicing a religion at work and in whatever social setting may be considered disrespectful). People continue to attack human dignity and Catholicism, and mock Jesus in slanderous, blasphemous, sacrilegious social media posts. People continue to spread LGBT agenda, support for same-sex marriage, attempts to redefine “Traditional Marriage and Family” through gay pride parades. Grooming of children seems to go unnoticed. There are betrayers and leavers of the Catholic Church who join ‘born-again’ sects in their local neighborhood,. People commit forms of evil to God’s creatures.

But know that the kingdom of evil will come to an end, even it would never seem so at the present. Back when Jesus predicted of the Temple of Jerusalem to his disciples and followers, “All that you see here—the days will come when there will not be left a stone upon another stone that will not be thrown down.” The Jews at that time could not imagine how the amazing Temple of Jerusalem would one day be gone as how Jesus was predicting so to them because in their generation, it stands in all its grandeur; it “was adorned with costly stones and votive offerings” (Luke 21:5). Most of all, it is central point of their religion, and more than that, it defined them as the “Chosen People.”

But grim judgment fell upon Jerusalem for rejecting Christ and His Messianic Kingdom. In February 67 AD, Caesar Nero declared war against Jerusalem (Jewish-Roman War), alongside General Vespasian. And indeed, just as Jesus’ predictions about four decades earlier, when the the Temple of Jerusalem fell before the Roman army of General Titus, the son of Vespasian. It was burned down and taken apart into pieces in August 70 AD. The destruction of the temple was the end of biblical Judaism. More than one million Jews died, and many of them from crucifixion. Even political dynasties and the most prominent religious dynasty perished, which was the institutional Jewish priesthood, which could even be traced back to Aaron and Moses.

In the same way, the enemies of God in the world today fancy the advanced technologies of media and smartphones too much, like they are the Temple of Jerusalem; impossible of destruction. But we know, as written in the Bible, that Jesus is giving us the same promise that the evil world, that gives pain to us faithful Catholics, will end like how the Temple of Jerusalem and its people faced their demise.

Remember when the psalmist says that he entered the sanctuary of God “and came to understand their end?” [the end of the wicked people] The silent voice of God that dwells in his soul assures him in his heart and soul the promise of their terrible end:

“You set them, indeed, on a slippery road; you hurl them down to ruin. How suddenly they are devastated; utterly undone by disaster! They are like a dream after waking, Lord, dismissed like shadows when you arise.”

– Psalm 73:18-20

On the other hand, his own end will be victorious:

“…at the end receive me with honor.”

– Psalms 73:24

The Three Comings of Jesus Christ

St. Bernard of Clairvaux imparts a wisdom that is eye-opener to us Christians,

“There are three distinct comings of the world of which I know: His coming to men, his coming into men, and his coming against men.”

Evil people do not fear the Word Incarnate because they only imagine Him in the way He is depicted in paintings as a human being, meek and mild as a tender Baby in a Manger with Mary and Joseph, and as “the carpenter’s son” the people hated, who died on the Cross, as a poor and humble man.

But they are forgetting that one day The Second Coming of Our Lord Jesus Christ; that He is “coming against men,” as Saint Bernard said, and as the dreadful Judge this time! And this time, He is coming in power and glory as Christ the King!

The Judgment Day is unveiled to Saint John of God, as he wrote the Book of the Apocalypse:

Then Death and Hades were thrown into the pool of fire. (This pool of fire is the second death.) Anyone whose name was not found written in the book of life was thrown into the pool of fire.

– Revelation 20:14,15

But as for cowards, the unfaithful, the depraved, murderers, the unchaste, sorcerers, idol-worshipers, and deceivers of every sort, their lot is in the burning pool of fire and sulfur, which is the second death.

– Revelation 21:8

We know that right now the Kingdom of God is only within our souls. But after the Final Judgment, the the Kingdom of God will come into fullness, as the New Jerusalem—or what we refer to as “Heaven.”

“On this earth that Kingdom is already present in mystery. When the Lord returns it will be brought into full flower.”

Gaudium et Spes (1965)

In the Apocalypse, Saint John describe it as the New Heaven and the New Earth:

“Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth. The former heaven and the former earth had passed away, and the sea was no more. I also saw the holy city, a new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Behold, God’s dwelling is with the human race. He will dwell with them and they will be his people and God himself will always be with them [as their God]. He will wipe every tear from their eyes, and there shall be no more death or mourning, wailing or pain, [for] the old order has passed away.” The one who sat on the throne said, “Behold, I make all things new.” Then he said, “Write these words down, for they are trustworthy and true.”

– Revelation :1-5

“To the victor I will give the right to eat from the tree of life that is in the garden of God.”’

– Revelation 2:7

“The victor I will make into a pillar in the temple of my God, and he will never leave it again. On him I will inscribe the name of my God and the name of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from my God, as well as my new name.”

– Revelation 3:12

How magnificent that thought is to have the Name of my God, the name of the City of my God, the New Jerusalem, and my new name inscribed on us!

Awaiting for the Second Coming of Our Lord Jesus Christ

When is the Second Advent of Our Lord Jesus Christ? That I can’t say for sure. The world seems to be at its worst. So are we the generation to witness His Final Coming? Who knows. But that must not discourage us in awaiting His glorious return. And we must wait the blessed hope (Titus 2:3) in joyful anticipation! We do so by first, remembering that Saint Bernard describe as Jesus Christ “coming into men,” the coming of the Lord in-between His First and Second Advent. This means that at the present, He continually comes to us in the Eucharist, His Body and Blood, His Real Presence, in every Sacrifice of the Mass that has been going on since the first Good Friday, the day of His Passion and Death on the Cross. At the time of Mercy, Holy Communion is the free gift of God to us Catholics, which other sects and the secular world refuse to avail.

“Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him. Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me. This is the bread that came down from heaven. Unlike your ancestors who ate and still died, whoever eats this bread will live forever.”

– John 6:54-58

Remember, too, each time we celebrate the Mass, we hasten the Second Coming of Jesus! Such a mystery! But we know that when we do, through our worship, His Second Coming at the end of the world is hastened. The Catechism explains,

“The Holy Spirit’s transforming power in the Liturgy hastens the coming of the Kingdom and the consummation of the mystery of salvation. While we wait in hope He causes us really to anticipate the fullness of communion with the Holy Trinity”

– CCC, par. 1107

Next is we must always pray the Our Father. We say, “Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in Heaven.” We pray for His Kingdom to come because like what we have learned on this article, the Kingdom of God is imperfect and not yet in its fullness, because it is still within us on earth. His Will in Heaven is also not yet completely realized on earth, as we see and fell the rampant evil in all societies of the world. But whenever we pray this, we ask from God that His Will be perfectly accomplished through all men alive on earth, and to finally bring His Kingdom on this same earth as a New Jerusalem after the world ends.

Conclusion

So we must hold on and stay strong, because even it seems that we are losing the battle, as if the enemies are already surrounding the gates of our kingdom, let us not forget that Christ the King will never allow His “victors” (Revelation 3:21) to lose. Jesus Christ as the first Victor, conquered death, so that one day we will share in His Resurrection (Romans 6:5). Jesus promises us, the Church, that “the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it” (Matthew 16:18).

We must not let the evils of the world in these post-pandemic days take away our Catholic Faith turning our heads and stay looking out there, and enviously comparing ourselves to the enemies of God who apparently prosper. On the day of His Resurrection, Jesus said to the grieving women who visited His tomb, “Why do you seek the living one among the dead?” (Luke 24:5). Why do we seek God among anything unholy that lead people to just live and die, wasting their life away? The living God only “makes all things new.”

All that you see here—the days will come when there will not be left a stone upon another stone that will not be thrown down.”

“The LORD is truly God, he is the living God, the eternal King, Before whose anger the earth quakes, whose wrath the nations cannot endure.”

– Jeremiah 10:10

Instead, this Advent, as we start a New Liturgical Year, let the Holy Trinity dwell upon us. Look for God within, as He speaks with a silent voice in the depths of our hearts, interiorly inspiring us in what to do at every moment in our lives. This is what is most important for now. The world out there may seem a vast desert… spiritually devoid of life. But at the very heart of this desert lies YOU and ME—as a tiny oasis with lush green trees centered around flowing water where life springs forth; that is, our very souls wherein the God of the living dwells.

 

Christ the King, graciously hear us!

Saint Joseph, pray for us!

Mama Mary, pray for us!

Amen.

On a personal note, it’s my Birthday tomorrow, November 28! Please include me in your prayers! Thank you so much!

*All emphasis on Bible verses (New American Bible Revised Edition and Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition) are added by the author.

Mary Kris I. Figueroa

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